Pazb Yuyun Yupita: Grammar

Name : Yuyun Yupita Sari

SRN            : 2012 111 022
Class           : 1 A
E-Mail        : yuyun_yupita@rocketmail.com

Subject : Grammar and Stucture I

Lecture : Santi Mayasari, S.Pd

Foreword

Thanks God.
This paper finally be resolved.
In making this paper may be many flaws and is also not perfect. I hope the reader will be able to give constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.
Thanks for the help of mentors and friends.

Author

Yuyun Yupita Sari

Parts of speech

Part of speech can make good sentence.

Part of Speech is a category or group of words based on their function in a sentence. Part of Speech is an essential component that must be learned for anyone who wants proficient in English. Part of Speech consists of 8 parts and each part will be described in detail separately. In this topic we will only discuss it in general.
The division Part of Speech

    Adjectives
    Adverbs
    Verbs
    Nouns
    Pronouns
    Prepositions
    Conjunctions
    Interjections

Explanation
1. Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe nouns (nouns) or pronoun (pronouns). In English, adjectives (adj) subdivided into:

    Quality adjectives
    Possessive adjectives
    Demonstrative adjectives
    Interrogative adjectives
    Quantity adjectives
    Numeral adjectives
    Proper adjectives
    Distributive adjectives

Sample sentences adjectives:

    You look beautiful. -> Quality
    (You look pretty)
    My book is expensive. -> Possessive
    (My book is expensive)
    That book is on the table. -> Demonstrative
    (The book is on the table)
    Whose book is this? -> Interrogative
    (Now who's this?)
    Some books are in the drawer. -> Quantity
    (Some of the books in the drawer)
    I have two books. -> Numeral
    (I have 2 books)
    Nicholas Anelka is French. -> Proper
    (Nicholas Anelka French nationality)
    I can read every book in the library. -> Distributive
    (I can read every book in the library)

2. Adverbs

Adverbs are words that serve to provide information on verbs, conjunctions, prepositions, adjectives, and other adverbs entire sentence. Adverbs (adverb) is divided into:

    Simple Adverbs
    Interrogative Adverbs
    Relative Adverbs

Sample sentences Adverbs:

    She is cooking in the kitchen right now. -> Simple
    (He was cooking now)
    Where do you live?
    (Where do you live?)
    This is the hotel where he stays at.
    (This is his hotel where he was staying)

3. Verbs

Verbs (verb) is a word that shows the name of the deeds done by the subject, but perhaps also to indicate the state. Verbs are divided into:

    Finite Verbs, such as read, write, grow, sleep, etc.
    Auxiliary Verbs, such as is, am, are, was, were, have, can, might, etc.
    Linking Verbs, like look, stay, Appear, sound, taste, feel, etc.
    Transitive Verbs, like read, build, write, open, close, etc.
    Intransitive Verbs, such as freeze, rise, boild, cry, etc.
    Regular Verbs, as called, visited, phoned, etc.
    Irregular Verbs, as writted, read, spoken, war, etc.

4. Nouns

Nouns (Noun) is everything we see or we can talk about and show people, objects, places, plants, animals, ideas and so on. Nouns are divided into:

Concrete Nouns, such as books, pens, table, chair, etc.
Abstract Nouns, such as happiness, wisdom, sadness, courage, etc.

5. Pronouns

ronouns (Pronouns) are words that replace nouns (nouns). Some words used in pronouns is also used in adjectives, but different functions and forms. Pronouns are divided into:

    Personal pronouns
    Demonstrative pronouns
    Possessive pronouns
    Interrogative pronouns
    Relative pronouns
    Indefinite pronouns
    REFLEXIVE pronouns
    Intensive pronouns
    Reciprocal pronouns

Sample sentences pronouns:

    I like Sarah. She is a doctor. -> Personal
    (I like Sarah. He is a doctor)
    Those are my pencils. These are yours. -> Demonstrative
    (That was my pencils. Nah, that's your pencils)
    This is my car. That is yours. -> Possessive
    (This is my car, Well then, your car)
    What is your name? -> Interrogative
    (What's your name?)
    The man who called you is my uncle. -> Relative
    (The man who called was my uncle)
    Someone knocked at the door. -> Indefinite
    (Someone knocked on the door)
    I cut myself with a knife. -> REFLEXIVE
    (I got a knife)
    Henry himself told me so. -> Intensive
    (Henry himself said so)
    They love each other. -> Reciprocal
    (They love each other)

6. Prepositions

Preposition (The Home) is a word that can not change its shape and are usually in place in front of a noun or noun equivalent others (objects) that aims to show a certain relationship with the other words in the sentence. Prepositions are divided into:

    Simple prepositions, are like on, at, to, in, etc.
    Double prepositions, such as into, onto, from under, etc.
    Compound prepositions, such as across, along, behind, about, etc.
    Participial prepositions, such as pending, during, Notwithstanding, considering, etc.
    Propositional Phrase, such as Because of, by means of, in the name of, by the name of, etc.
    Disguised prepositions, such as o'clock, O'Lantern, a-hunting, etc.

7. Conjunctions

One of the parts of Speech that we need to learn is Conjunctions. Conjunctions (Link word) is a word used to connect words, phrases or sentences, and so on. Conjunctions are divided into:

    Coordinating Conjunctions
    Sub-ordinating Conjunctions

Example sentence:

    You and I will go to Bali tomorrow. -> Coordinating
    (Me and you are going to Bali tomorrow)
    He said that he could pick me up. -> Sub-ordinating
    (He said that he could pick me)

8. Interjections

Interjection (Word Fun) is an exciting sound that added to the sentence to indicate strong feelings or emotions such as joy, sadness, surprise, approval, astonishment, etc..

Example sentence:

    Hurray! = Yay!
    Alas! = Ouch! Honey!
    Bravo! = Good!
    Hush! = Shut up!
    Bosh! = Bullshit!
    Ah! = Ouch!
    Dear me! = Yikes!
    For heaven's sake! = O Allah!
    Good heavens! = Good heavens!
    Good Lord! = Yikes!
    Farewell! = Bon Voyage!
    Well done! = Good!
    Thank goodness! = Thank God!
    Thank God! = Thank God!

T E N S E S

I. PRESENT

1. Simple Present Tense

FORMULA :

Subject + Verb 1 + ….

They / We

I / You

Subject + Verb s-es + ….

He / She

FUNCTION:
      a. To declare a habit (habitual action) or activities that occur over and over - again and again and again.
    example:
The students go to school everyday.
She studies English twice a week.
I go to church on Sundays
We celebrate our independence day once in a year.
      b. To state the general truth (general truth).
          example:
The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west.
The earth revolves round the sun.
The pineapple never grows up on a tree.
       c. Used in the language of drama, radio commentary and the like.
When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing on her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man Enters.

       DESCRIPTION TIME:
a. Every morning / day / week / month / year
b. Once, twice, three times, four times, ...
c. Adverb of frequency: always, Usually, sometimes, often, never, seldom.

2. Present Continuous Tense

FORMULA :

Subyek + to be (is, am, are) + V-ing

FUNCTION;
a. To declare an ongoing activity at the time spoken.
example:
They are still playing at the moment.
She is reading a novel now.
b. To declare an ongoing activity but not necessarily progress when the statement said.
example:
I am learning French this year.
Mr. Brown is teaching English.
       DESCRIPTION TIME: Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today.
       Note: When there are verbs like: Look!, Listen!, Watch!, Notice! (Imperative), then tenses
                 Her Present Continuous.
       Example: * Look! The man is climbing.
                  * Listen! The girls next door are singing my favorite song.

3. Present Perfect Tense

FORMULA:

Subject + Have + Verb 3 + ….

Has

FUNCTION:
     a. To declare an act that happened in the past and the time is not certain.
      example:
William Shakespeare has written many short stories.
I have swept the floor. It looks clean now.
b. To state the events that have been done and might be done again in the future.
example:
My friends and I have gone to Bali.
Shinta has visited her grand parents many times.

       DESCRIPTION TIME: Since, for, just (just), already, yet, so far.

4. Simple Past Tense

FORMULA:

Subject + Verb 2 + Object + ….

FUNCTION:
To state the activities that occur at a specific time in the past.
example:
I met my music teacher yesterday.
My mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.
Rendy closed the window five minutes ago.
The students presented their project work this morning.

DESCRIPTION TIME:
- Last .... - ... Ago - This afternoon
- Just now - This morning – Yesterday

5. Past Continuous Tense

FORMULA:

Subject + was + Verb- ing

were

FUNCTION:
a. To describe the events that are happening in the past.
example:
I was studying at my friend's house.
My parents were chatting in the living room.
b. To describe an event that is taking place in the past, where other events also occur.
example:
When I was studying, someone knocked the door.
When I was walking to school, I met Dian Sastro.

6. Future Tense

FORMULA:

Subject + shall + Verb 1 + …

will

FUNGSI:

Untuk menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi.

Contoh:

Bobby will come here tomorrow.

I shall call my parents when I get home.

Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa mendatang yangbukan merupakan keinginan atau kehendak.

Contoh:

Tomy will be fourteen years old next year.

We shall die one day.

KETERANGAN WAKTU: Tomorrow, next week/month/year, the day after tomorrow.

Verb Tobe

Simple Questions

We create simple yes/no questions by inverting the order of subject and the “To be” verb.

Is your brother taller than you?
Am I bothering you?
Were they embarrassed by the comedian?

The same inversion takes place when “To be” is combined with verbs in the progressive:

Am I working with you today?
Is it snowing in the mountains?
Were your children driving home this weekend?

Sentence Pattern

· 5 Basic Sentence Patterns

Subject + Verb
I swim. Joe swims. They swam.
Subject + Verb + Object
I drive a car. Joe plays the guitar. They ate dinner.
Subject + Verb + Complement
I am busy. Joe became a doctor. They look sick.
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
I gave her a gift. She teaches us English.
Subject + Verb + Object + Complement

I left the door open. We elected him president. They named her Jane.

In its simplest form, an English sentence has two parts: a subject and a verb that express a complete thought when they are together.

The subject shows who or what is doing the action. It is always some form of noun or pronoun.
The verb shows the action or the state of being. It can be an action verb, like “run,” or a state verb, like “seem.”

Examples of simple two word sentences include:

Marvin slept.
Dogs bark.
Isotopes react.

Real sentences are rarely so short. We usually want to convey much more information, so we modify the main subject and verb with other words and phrases, as in the sentences below:

Unfortunately, Marvin slept fitfully.
Dogs bark louder after midnight.
Heavy isotopes react more slowly than light isotopes of the same element.

Despite the extra information, each of these sentences has one subject and one verb, so it’s still just one clause. What’s a clause?

A clause is the combination of a subject and a verb. When you have a subject and verb, you have a clause. Pretty easy, isn’t it? We’re going to concentrate on clauses in this handout, with emphasis on these two in particular:

Independent clause: a subject and verb that make a complete thought. Independent clauses are called independent because they can stand on their own and make sense.
Dependent clause: a subject and verb that don’t make a complete thought. Dependent clauses always need to be attached to an independent clause (they’re too weak to stand alone).

We’ll talk more about dependent clauses later on, but also see our handout on fragments for a more detailed description of these types of clauses.

^{Auxiliary Verb}

An auxiliary verb is a verb used to add functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears – for example, to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a main verb, the main verb providing the main semantic content of the clause in which it appears.^[1] An example is the verb have in the sentence I have finished my dinner – here the main verb is finish, and the auxiliary have helps to express the perfect aspect. Some sentences contain a chain of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs, helper verbs, or (verbal) auxiliaries. They may be glossed with the abbreviation AUX

Auxiliary verbs are auxiliary verbs that form a grammatical function or add meaning to the sentence. Auxiliary verbs are generally used in conjunction with main verbs (main verbs) and helped establish the grammatical structure of a sentence.

There are three auxiliary verbs: to be, to do, and to have. Be, do, and have had no meaning if it stands alone as an auxiliary verbs, despite that in the Indonesian language is generally defined as "moderate", "have", "if", or "earnest".

To Be
Auxiliary verbs are used be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been. As auxiliary verbs, to be used as a past participle to make the sentences passive and together present participle to make a continuous line.
Example:
- He is watching TV.
- We are teaching you about helping verbs.
- Small fish are eaten by big fish.
- He was killed in the war.
- The agencies were Completing the inventories.
- I will be seeing him soon.
- He had only been trying to help.
- The house is being painted.

To Do
Auxiliary verbs used are do, does, did. As auxiliary verbs, used to do together the main verb (main verbs) form sentences questions or negative sentences. And is also used to apply pressure or avoid repeating the main verb. Auxiliary verbs is also known as dummy or dummy auxiliary operator.

Example:
- Do you like bananas?
- I do not feel like going out tonight.
- Where do you live?
- Do not forget to write.
- It does not matter if you win or lose.
- I did not know what to do.
- What did you do with that notebook?
- He speaks faster than she does.
- I do understand.

To Have
Auxiliary verbs used is have, has, had. As auxiliary verbs, to have used as a play to make the perfect tense verbs.

Example:
- I have completed my work.
- She has ACTED in a film.
- They had forgotten to send the letter.
- Our guests have arrived.
- Has anyone phoned?
- I had not seen him for fifteen years.
- Someone should have predicted these Complications.

Note

Be, do, and have also served as a main or principal verbs verbs. Consider the following examples below.
- She is a good singer. (Principal verb)
- She is singing. (Auxiliary verb)

Auxiliary verbs are also commonly referred to as helping verbs..